CHỮ NÔM ko Tsohon rubutun Vietnamese da Abin Taimakawa Na baya ga Littattafan Vietnamese - Sashe na 2
Hits: 493
Nguyễn Khắc-Kham*
Continued ci gaba don sashe na 1:
Tsarin rubutun Nôm **
Ya zuwa yanzu ana iya yin hukunci daga waɗannan manyan-rubuce-rubucen littattafan Vietnamese a Chu Nmm, wannan rubutun bashi da son kai da son rai kamar yadda wasu daga masu sukar sa suka ce. A zahiri, an aiwatar dashi ta ingantattun dokoki har ma da tsauraran dokoki.
A cikin karatunmu na baya akan Bashin kasashen waje a Vietnamese mun ba da wasu misalai game da babban tsarinta. Zamuyi amfani da wannan damar mu bayyana tsarinta yadda yakamata mu iya da kayanda muke dasu.
Kamar yadda Dama ya lura da Farfesa. Rokuro Za a iyao, da Vietnamese Chu Nmm ya nuna kamanceceniya da Jafananci Kana da Jafananci Kokuji 字. Wadannan wasu misalai ne da ya bayar. A cikin kojiki 事 記, karanta kararrakin sauti da nahawu na haruffan Sinanci waɗanda kuma ana amfani da su a ciki Babban Nôm duka biyu suna aiki da mai amfani da kwamfutar sa Obabu Yasumaro. Don haka ana amfani da wakilcin magana a cikin irin waɗannan sunaye masu dacewa 佐 amma ga / susa / na, ga / suga / na. Wannan hanyar magana gaba daya ana karbuwa sosai a cikin shahararrun waƙoƙin fara tare da “Yakumo tatu…” Wakilcin muryar magana ba shine babban halin yanzu ba face a cikin ingantattun sunaye da waƙoƙi. Ko da a cikin sunaye masu kyau ba a karɓar hanyar amfani da sauti ba koyaushe 須 佐 之 男 命 (hayasusanowo) wakilta ta hanyar ilimin kalma ban da 賀 / susa /, wanda shima yai biris da irin waɗannan misalai 賀 宮 kamar yadda a cikin (Asinaduti) 名 椎 (Inada-babu Miyanusi) da sauransu Bayan misalai guda biyu da muka ambata a sama, Prof. Rokuro Za a iyao ambaci misalin kuma Yanzu {ima, da wuri {fazime, Lokaci {toki, gajimare {kumu, Song {uta, Allah {kami, na farko {kubi. The hu-i haruffan sabbin abubuwa ana samun su duka a Japan da Vietnam, misali, gioi an ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar haɓaka halayyar kuma. A haruffa ƙirƙira a Japan, da ake kira Kokuji (Halin kasa) misali (sasaki), (tauge), 杜 (Mori) da sauransu… sune abubuwan ci gaban hu-i haruffa su a cikin hanyar a matsayin Halin Nm, giyi.
Duk da waɗannan abubuwan da aka kamance na yau da kullun, saboda bambance-bambance tsakanin yaren Jafananci da na Vietnamese dangane da tsarin maganarsu da kuma tarihin tarihin tasirin rubuce-rubucen Sinanci, tsarin Chu Nmm ya kiyaye asalinsa, kamar yadda aka nuna shi lahira ta hanyar tsarin nau'ikan sa.
Harshen Siniyanci da aka aro ta Babban Nôm don wakiltar morphene guda a cikin Vietnamese ana iya amfani dashi da ɗayan ko a haɗe.
I. Anyi amfani da halayyar Sinanci ɗaya don wakilta
1) A Kabilar Vietnamese asalin Sinanci, wanda yake da ainihin karatun Sino-Vietnamese da ma'anar halayen Sinawa na daidai.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 頭 đAu (shugaban), 袄 oo (fashi, tunic).
2) A Kabilar Vietnamese Asalin Sinanci wanda ya kiyaye ma'anar halayyar Sinanci daidai amma wanda karatun Vietnam ba ya ɗan bambanta da karatun Sino-Vietnamese na halayen Sinawa-daida ba.
Ex:: halin hausa doka, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: php ana amfani dashi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese kalmar sirri (doka, sarauta).
+ Halin Sinawa 旗, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese ku ana amfani dashi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese co (tuta).
+ Halin Sinawa 橋, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: kieu ana amfani dashi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese cAu (gada).
3) A Kabilar Vietnamese watakila asalin Asalin Sinanci ne, wanda ma'anarsa daidai yake da ta halayyar Sinawa daidai amma wanda karatunsa ya yi daidai da karatun Sino-Vietnamese na halayen Sinawa-an canza sosai.
Ex .: + Halin Sinanci 捲, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: quyen ana amfani dashi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese cuon (mirgine).
+ Halin Sinanci Littattafai, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese bitan, bon ana amfani dashi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese von (babban birni, kudade).
4) A Kabilar Vietnamese suna da ma'ana iri ɗaya daidai da halayyar Sinanci daidai amma wanda karatunsa ya sha bamban da karatun Sino-Vietnamese.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 役, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: dkuch, ana amfani da shi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese viec (aiki, aiki, zama).
5) A Kabilar Vietnamese wanda karatun sa daidai yake da wanda yake daidai da karatun Sino-Vietnamese na halayen Sinawa-Vietnam amma wanda ma'anarsa ta sha bamban.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 戈, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: qua (lance, mashi) ana amfani da shi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese qua (wucewa).
+ Halin Sinanci 没, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: mot (a ɓace a ƙarƙashin ruwa, a nutsar da kai) ana amfani da shi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese mot (daya).
A cikin wadannan misalai guda biyu, karatun Sino-Vietnamese na halayen Sinawa-daidai yake da karatun wakilin Vietnamese wanda aka wakilta.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 朱 , Karatun Sino-Vietnamese ku (ja, maganin sanyi) ana amfani da shi don wakiltar morpheme na Vietnamese cho (to ba).
+ Halin Sinawa 箕, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese ky or cơ (mai ban tsoro, sieve) ana amfani dashi don wakiltar morileme na Vietnamese kia (can can, cewa).
A cikin misalai biyun da suka gabata, karatun Sino-Vietnamese game da halayen Sinawa-Kusanci yana da irin karatun da ake magana da shi na Vietnamese.
irin wannan Chu Nmm kamar yadda aka haɗa cikin rukuni na biyu, na uku, na huɗu da na biyar a sama ta DƘaring Kuitada Ham17 an dauke ta Ho Ngkoc cAn18 kamar yadda mallakar wannan rukunin na Chu Nmm haruffan Sinawa-waɗanda wakilci ne wanda karatun Sino-Vietnamese yana ba da kwatankwacin saƙo tare da karatun Vietnam.
Akwai, gwargwadon wannan, akwai lokuta da yawa game da waɗannan kamanceceniya kamar haka:
1) Sauti guda daya tsakanin karatun Sino-Vietnamese game da halin Sinawa da kuma karanta ɗayan Vietnam ko na Vietnamese ɗaya sai dai bahaushe na farko.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin jirgi, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: bitan na iya wakilta phitan in Nmm.
2) Sauti guda daya kawai a matsayin waƙafin ƙarshe ko kawai a matsayin wasali ko wasali na ƙarshe kafin a yanke hukunci na ƙarshe.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 合, ana iya karantawa hop, hAp, hiep or hop.
3) Wani lokacin, karatun Sino-Vietnamese game da halin Sinawa da ake amfani da shi don wakiltar murhun Vietnamese ya bambanta da na biyun ta hanyar bahaushe na farko da kuma ƙarshen magana.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 職, Sino-Bietnamese: chuc na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, chAc or giAc.
4) Sauti guda daya an dauki wannan azaman duk da bambancin sautunan ringi.
Ex:: halin hausa 吟, Sino-Bietnam ngm ba ana kuma amfani dashi don wakiltawa, cikin Nmm, ngAm, ngAm or ngAm.
Don fahimtar sama da sauran misalai makamantansu Babban Nôm, ya kamata mu san waɗancan baƙaƙe na farko, waɗanne wasali ko wasali, wanda kalmomi na ƙarshe a cikin kalmar Sino-Vietnamese suka dace da halayyar Sinawa da kuma a cikin Vietnamese morpheme da za a wakilta Nmm amfani da za a dauke a matsayin m.
A) Baƙon farko da aka ɗauka a matsayin musanya don wakilci a Nôm
a) Karatun farko b-, ph-, v-
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 卜, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: boc wanda yake wakilta a ciki Nmm irin su Vietnamese morphemes kamar boc da kuma bii na iya wakilta voc;
+ Halin Sinawa jirgi, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: bn iya wakilta a ciki Nmm phn, b.n or wani.
b) Karatun farko c-, k-, gh-, qu-
Na farko baƙaƙe c-, k-, gh-, qu- ya kasance mai musaya.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin da, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese cAp na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, cAp, gAp or kkup;
+ Halin Sinawa 群, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: quAn, na iya wakilta hagu a cikin Nmm.
c) Karatun farko d-, t-, v-
Na farko baƙaƙe d-, t-, v- ya kasance mai musaya.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin Jima'i, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: tinh or saurah na iya wakilta saurah in Nmm;
+ Halin Sinawa 停, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: ình na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, daga or ành.
d) Karatun farko ch-, gi- kuma kasa da akai-akai tr-, x-
Na farko baƙaƙe ch-, gi- kuma kasa da akai-akai tr-, x- ya kasance mai musaya.
Ex:: halin hausa 執, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: ku na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, mashin, giúp, xup, or xrip.
e) Furucin farko l-, r-, tr-
Na farko baƙaƙe l-, r-, tr- ya kasance mai musaya.
Ex .: + Halin Sinanci 律, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: luAt na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, lkot, luot, zamant, rkot or kaya.
B) Syllables ana ɗauka azaman musanyawa don wakilci a ciki Ci gaba
a) ác, ắc, ấc, ức, .c
ác, ắc, ấc, ức, .c kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin arewa, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: bc na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, bc, bực ku or bc.
b) a, a, a, a, a
a, a, a, a, a kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 役, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: dkuch na iya wakilta viec in Nmm;
+ Halin Sinawa Ja, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: ciki, na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, xuwa or xuwa.
c) ai, ay, ây, oai, oay, oây, oi, ôi, ơi, uôi, ươi, ui, e,,, i, i kuma wani lokacin .a
ai, ay, ây, oai, oay, oây, oi, ôi, ơi, uôi, ươi, ui, e,,, i, i kuma wani lokacin .a ne m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin Taimako, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: wanda na iya wakilta chia in Nmm;
+ Halin Sinawa 皮, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: bi na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, be or vua.
d) ni, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iêm, om, ôm, ơm, um, ươm
ni, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iêm, om, ôm, ơm, um, ươm kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 冘, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: am na iya wakilta, a ciki Nmm, .âm, em or đơm.
e) an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uâ, a, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn
an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uâ, a, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 鄰, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: amma An kuma yi amfani da wakilci abin in Nmm.19
f) ung, âng, ung, ưng, ương
ung, âng, ung, ưng, ương kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin Hukumar, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: .ng an kuma amfani dashi don wakilta, in Nmm, d or chung.
g) uwa, ung, ung kuma wani lokacin .ng
ong, ong, ưng kuma wani lokacin wereng suna iya canzawa.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin don, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: dụng an kuma amfani dashi don wakilta, in Nmm, döng, Juji.
h) ina, ina, ina, ina, ina, ina, ina
ina, ina, ina, ina, ina, ina, ina kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin Ba da haihuwa, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: sinh or sannu An kuma yi amfani da wakilci yawwa in Nmm.
i) ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ,a, ưu
ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ,a, ưu kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 牢, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: aiki An kuma amfani da shi azaman hsai-shing wakilta aiki, lau, mika or trau.
j) ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, sama, ưp, ươp
ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, sama, ưp, ươp sun kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin da, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: cAp an kuma amfani dashi don wakilta, in Nmm, gAp, gAp or kkup.
k) a, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt, it
a, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt, it sun kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 乙, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: t an kuma amfani dashi don wakilci a ciki Nmm, At, ku or it.
l) da, êt, da sauransu, shi
da, êt, da sauransu, shi sun kasance m.
Ex .: Halin kasar Sin 歇, Karatun Sino-Vietnamese: hiet an kuma amfani dashi don wakilci a ciki Nmm het or nan da nan.
NB: Daga misalan da muka ambata a sama, mun ga da yawa Chu Nmm an yi su ne ta hanyar canza ba kawai baƙaƙe ba ne kawai, har ma da karin maganganu na ƙarshe da wasu lokuta har ma da sautina.
Ex .: + da za a iya karantawa cAp, gAp, kkup or kap; za a iya karantawa ngm ba, ngAm or gAm.
… Ci gaba a cikin sashe na 3…
KARA DUBA:
' CHỮ NÔM ko Tsohon rubutun Vietnamese da Abin Taimakawa Na baya ga Littattafan Vietnamese - Sashe na 3.
' CHỮ NÔM ko Tsohon rubutun Vietnamese da Abin Taimakawa Na baya ga Littattafan Vietnamese - Sashe na 1.
NOTES:
15 Nguyễn Khắc-Kham, "Bashin kasashen waje a Vietnamese", Nazarin Yanki da Al'adu, Ba 19, Jami'ar Tokyo na Nazarin Harkokin waje, 1969 p. 142-175.
16 Kono Rokuro, "Rubutun Sinanci da tasirinsa ga rubutun Tsarin Maƙwabta tare da ambata na musamman ga Koriya da Japan", Memoirs na Ma'aikatar Bincike na Toyo Bunko (Laburaren Gabas ta Tsakiya) Babu 27. Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1969. pp 117-123., 要 解 國語 [Ba za ku taɓa yin kuskure ba], 國國 辭典 辭典, shafin 66.
17 Dung Quảng Hàm, "Le chữ nôm ou écriture démotique. Son muhimmancin dans l'étude de l'ancienne littérature Annamite", Bulletin de l'Instruction Publique de l'Indochine No 7, Mars 1942. NB Daga cikin misalai na wannan rukuni na hudu na chữ nôm, Dương Quảng Hàm ya nakalto rubutu mai taken, karatun Sino-Vietnamese: vku (dandano, dandano) kamar yadda ake amfani da shi don yin fassarar murhun Vietnamese muyi. Koyaya, wannan marubucin yana ganin cewa mai yiwuwa ana iya karanta halayen Sinawa muyi daga Vietnamese a farkon farkon daular T'ang na kasar Sin bisa kwaikwayon karatun Sinawa. (gani H. Maspero, “Quelques mots Annamites d'origine Chinoise" BEFEO, babu 3, 1916, shafi na 35-39). Haka kuma zai iya kasance a chu Nmm wanda kwanan sa ya kasance kafin karni na takwas.
18 RP Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Sunan sunan Nam, Littérature Annamite, Imprimerie de la Société des Missions Etrangères, Hong Kong, 1933 pp 162-166.
19 Wannan misalin ana bayar da shi ta 竃 wannan marubucin a maimakon wanda, a cewar Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, An yi amfani da shi don ramawa a cikin nôm rn, â or rn.
BAN TU THƯ
03 / 2020
NOTES:
** Ban Tu Thu ne ya saita taken sassan, rubutu mai karfi da hoton sepia mai dauke da hoto - samawariya.et
Source: Cibiyar Nazarin Sino-Nom.