Gabatarwa na Annam na Fasaha - Phan Huy Le - Holylandvietnamstudies.com

GABATARWA Ta Farfesa a Tarihin PHAN HUY LE - Shugaban Histungiyar Tarihi na Vietnam - Sashe na 1

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na Le, Phan Huy ¹

HADA OGER (1885-1936?) ya kammala aikinsa mai taken “Dabarar jama'ar Annamese”A kusan shekarun 1908-1909, lokacin yana dan shekara 23-24 amma a zaman da ya yi aikin soja na shekaru biyu. Hanoi (1907-1909). The Babban Karatu da makarantar aiki kuma laccocin sanannun Orian ƙasan Gabas kamar LOUIS FINOT da SYLVAIN LÉVY, sun wadata shi da masaniya ta asali game da tarihi da al'adun Asiya, tare da sha'awar Kimiyyar. Wanda aka bashi kwatankwacin gani da ji, wanda ke dauke da yanayi mai kama da wayewar Yamma, H. OGER ba da daɗewa ba ya fahimci cewa rayuwa da sana'o'in hannu a Hanoi kuma asalinsa yana dauke da abubuwan asiri waɗanda ake buƙatar ganowa. Ilimin bincike da himma na samari ba da daɗewa ba sun shigar da Faransawa masu zaman kansu cikin ayyukan kimiyya tare da manyan abubuwan bayar da shawarwari. A wannan lokacin, da Nazarin Indochinese (Ông dương tạp chí) ya wallafa a cikin shekarun 1907-1908 aikin bincike mai suna Iko a kan Turanci (Yi farin ciki da jin daɗin Bắc Kỳ) na sanannen masanin Faransanci GUSTAVE DUMOUTIER (1850-1904). Wannan aikin bincike ne game da tsarin zamantakewa, daga ƙauyuka zuwa iyalai, tare da al'adu da halaye, gami da rayuwar al'adu da rayuwar addini a cikin Tonkin. H. OGER baya son yin bincike ta hanyar wannan tunanin, a maimakon haka yana son bayyana wa wata hanya ta kusanci, fara daga binciken da ya shafi yanayin zamantakewa da kabilanci, sannan kuma ya lura da cikakken bayanin rayuwar mutane a Hanoi da kuma kewayenta. Kowace rana, tare da draan asalin gwagwarmaya, yana zagaya dukkan hanyoyin Hanoi Da kuma ƙauyuka da ke cikin fafutuka, suna ƙoƙari don ganowa da gano yanayin rayuwar tradersan kasuwa, masu sana'a, da manoma, da ma abubuwan lura, ba wai kawai tare da littafin rubutu ba, har ma da zane. Wadannan ba zane-zanen da ke cike da dabi'ar zane-zane ba, a maimakon haka, zane-zane ne na zahiri wadanda ke nuna tattalin arziki, al'adu, da ayyukan zamantakewa, kazalika da sana'o'in hannu daban-daban, rayuwar yau da kullun mutane ta hanyar ci, sha, shagalinsu, bukukuwansu, bukukuwansu, addininsu. … Game da abubuwan fasahar, marubucin ya zurfafa zuwa nau'ikan kayan kayan aiki, kayan kida, da ma magudi da kuma matakan aiki yayin aiwatar da masana'antu. A cikin gabatarwar gabaɗayan aikin mai taken Dabarar Annamese, marubucin ya raba shi zuwa rukuni hudu:
(1) Kirari da aka samo daga kayan halitta,
(2) Kirkirar kayan kayan duniya,
(3) Kira ta amfani da kayan da aka sarrafa,
(4) Masu zaman kansu da rayuwar gama gari na Annamese.

Waɗannan su ne kusan ainihin abubuwan zana bayanai waɗanda ke rarrabe zane-zane iri-iri har da rayuwar rayuwar mazaunan waɗanda marubucin ke bincika da bincike. An buga littafin a kusa da shekara 1910, duk da haka shimfidar wuri da gabatarwa bai yi yadda ya kamata ba, domin har yanzu ya dogara ne akan tsarin zane-zane a jikin katako, yayin da marubucin nasa da kansa ya fahimci cewa:Abubuwan da aka tattara na tattara bayanan mutum, ta hanyar zane-zane yana da fa'idodi mai yawa, yayin da kawai ba zai iya guje wa duk wata damuwa ba". (Kalmomin H. Oger).

H. OGER ya aiwatar da ayyukansa na bincike cikin mawuyacin yanayi, tunda kusan bai sami taimako daga kungiyoyin kimiyya da faransa ba. Yawancin mutane masu kirki sun taimaka masa da adadin pastres 200 waɗanda zai iya amfani da su azaman asusu don cimma nasarar bincikensa. Ya yi hayar 30 masu zane da kuma bude masana'antar zana itace da zane mai zane a Rataya Gai kauye gidan tarayya, wancan daga baya, ya koma ga Ubangiji Ku Thach pagoda (wanda yake, a halin yanzu, a kan Ba Trieu st. Gundumar Hoan Kiem, Hanoi). A cikin fiye da watanni biyu, fiye da Siffar 4000 An sanya su cikin shinge na itace, daga wacce, ta hanyar hanyar buga littattafai ta al'ada, ana buga su cikin buga kwalaye na itace akan nau'in ta musamman Rhamnoneuron takarda of Kauyen Buoi (Gundumar Tay Ho, Hanoi). Wannan shiri ne da ake gudanarwa, ana gudanar da shi, tare da halartar wasu daga cikin masu aikin Vietnam da masu fasa-zane na itace.

An sami wannan aikin a cikin shekaru biyu 1908-1909 kuma an yi aikin buga shi a cikin 1910 a Hanoi da gida biyu bugu: Kayan da kuma Jouve & Co. in Paris, amma aikin da aka buga ba shi da ranar bugu. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa ba'a samun haƙƙin mallaka na mallaka a cikin Paris, yayin da ɗakunan karatu a ciki Faransa kar a kiyaye wannan aikin da aka buga. A Vietnam, kwafi biyu ne kawai na H. OGERAn kiyaye aikin 'Ubangiji Dandalin Hanoi kuma a Dandalin Labaran Kimiyya a cikin HoChiMinh birni. Bayan buga shi, an manta da aikin buga littattafan na dogon lokaci, kamar wahalar rayuwar marubucin. Bayan ya gama aikin soja. H. OGER koma zuwa Faransa a cikin 1909 kuma ya halarci Kwalejin mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1910, an nada shi a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa a Indochina, sannan a shekarar 1914 ya koma ciki Faransa saboda mummunan lafiyar sa. Yaƙin duniya ya ɓarke, ya shiga soja. Bayan kasha kansa, a shekarar 1916, aka sake tura shi zuwa kasar Indochina don zama mataimakin mai kula da garin. Quang Yan. Koyaya, tunaninsa na al'ada da tunaninsa na zamantakewar bai dace da na wani jami'in mulkin mallaka ba, kuma wannan hujja ta sa ana zargin shi, an bincika shi kuma, a shekarar 1919, ya zamar masa dole ya koma Faransa, kuma ya fara yin ritayarsa a 1920. Sannan, da alama an ba da rahoton cewa ya ɓace a cikin 1936? Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa na al'ada da zamantakewa, da kuma yawancin ayyukan bincikensa duk an katse su. An buga aikin tare da taken ":"Sakamakon rayuwar duniya, fasaha da masana'antu na mutanen Annam"(Essais sur la vie matérielle, les Arts da kuma masana'antu na ci gaba daAnnam), yayin da yake a zahiri, yana ɗaukar darajar Encyclopedia game da jimlar rayuwar mazaunan Hanoi kuma ya dace a farkon karni na 20. Wannan tarin korafe-korafen katako ne, masu dauke da salon zane-zanen mutane, amma kawai banbanci shine cewa ba a bin daidai tsarin kuma ana buga shi ne kawai cikin baki da fari, tare da tsokaci a cikin Nôm (Harafin Demotic), cikin Sin da kuma a Faransa. Ta hanyar buga takardu na itace, mai kallo na iya tantancewa ta cikakken tsarin rayuwar mazaunan Hanoi, daga dillalai, 'yan kasuwa, masu ba da izini, manoma, da kuma daga kayan girke-girke, shagunan, kasuwanni, tituna, hanyoyin sufuri, zuwa gidaje, hanyoyin sakawa da cin duk azuzuwan jama'a, ayyukan al'adu, rayuwar ruhaniya, addinai da sauransu ... Duk irin waɗannan Abubuwa suna fitowa ta hanya mai kyau ta hanyar kwafi, keɓaɓɓun, ra'ayoyi na katako na itace, tare da gajerun bayanan sanarwa. Hakanan mutum na iya yin la'akari da wannan tarin kwafan katako a matsayin littafin tarihi a hotunan da ke nuna rayuwar al'adun gargajiya na mazaunan. Hanoi kuma ya dace a farkon karni na 20. Game da batun Nmm (Harafin Demotic) musamman, ban da nau'ikan da aka bazu, wanda zai iya samu a cikin wannan aikin da yawa harafin Nmm waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin yanayin marubucin Sin.

Ya kasance har zuwa 1970, lokacin da aka gano ainihin ƙimar tarin kwafin katako na H. OGER kuma an sake nazarin shi, ta hanyar labarin da aka sanya wa taken Thewararren masanin fasahar Vietnam: HENRI OGER (1885-1936?) - (Le pionnier de la technologie vietnamienne: HENRI OGER (1885-1936?) na Faransawa Orientalist PIERRE HUARD, wanda aka buga akan Bulletin na Faransa a makarantar Extrême-Orient, 1970 (Bulletin de l'Ecole française d 'Extrême-Orient, 1970).

In Vietnam, tarin tarin dunkulen itace da aka adana a cikin Dandalin Hanoi bai cika ba, kuma tun shekaru 60 na da, ya kasance a karo na farko, wanda mai zane-zane mai zane mai suna NGUYEN DO CUNG ya gabatar a cikin bitoci da dama akan Arts. Bayan wannan bayanin, wasu kungiyoyi masu ilimin kimiyya da masana kimiyya suka fara isa gare shi tare da gabatar da shi a yawancin mujallu da bitoci. Wanda aka kiyaye a Saigon kafin 1975, wasu masana suka gabatar tun 1970. Bayan 1975, an adana wannan tarin kwafin katako a Babban ɗakin karatu na Sciences a garin HochiMinh, kuma yana kara jawo hankalin masu bincike da da'irori da masu binciken da suka gabatar dashi a mujallu na kimiyya.

A cikin kwanakin da suka gabata, yana da wuya matuƙar wahala ga malamai su sami yanayi don tuntuɓar duk tarin kwafan katako da aka adana a ciki Hanoi da kuma Garin HochiMinh, saboda haka dole suyi amfani da shi microfilms or karamin hoto wadatattun kungiyoyi biyu ne suka samar da su. Babban darajar wannan sahiban littattafai, waɗanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin sake bugawa tare da ƙaddara kalma, fassarar magana, fassarar da kuma bayanan, suna zaune ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa yana samar da malamai a cikin ƙasa da ƙasashen waje. kazalika da sauran mutane baki daya, tare da dukkan ayyukan H. OGER, ta yadda zasu taimaka musu dan samun sauƙin mu'amala da shi, yin nazari da shi, tare da yaba masa.

… Ci gaba a cikin sashe na 2…

BAN TU THU
06 / 2020

KARA DUBA:
' GABATARWA Daga Farfesa a Tarihi PHAN HUY LE - Shugaban Orungiyar Tarihi ta Vietnam - Sashe na 2.

NOTES:
¹ : PHAN HUY LÊThach Chau, Loc Ha gundumar, lardin Ha Tinh, 23 Fabrairu 1934 - 23 Yuni 2018) ɗan asalin Vietnam ne kuma masanin tarihi a Jami'ar National Hanoi. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da rayuwar ƙauyuka, tsarin mallakar ƙasa da juyin juya hali musamman, da tarihin Vietnamese gaba ɗaya. Phan shi ne darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Harshen Vietnamese da Nazarin al'adu at Jami'ar Vietnam ta Kasa, Hanoi. Phan ya kasance daga makarantar masana tarihi, gami da TRAN QUOC VUONG rarrabe 'K'abilan Biyetnam-ness'ba tare da dangantaka da tasirin China ba. (Source: Encyclopedia na Wikipedia)
² : Mataimakin Farfesa, Likita na Phylosophie a Tarihi HUNG NGUYEN MANH, tsohon Rector na Jami'ar Hong Kong ta Kasa, shine wanda ya kafa waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon: “Thanh dia Viet Nam Nazarin” - samawariya.et, "Holyland Vietnam Nazarin" - farazanka com cikin harsuna 104, “Việt Nam Học” - sabar.biz, da dai sauransu…
◊ Fassara ta Asso. Farfesa Hung, Nguyen Manh, PhD.
Tu Ban Tu Thu ne ya saita taken taken da fasalin sepia mai dauke da fasali - samawariya.et