Lý Toét a cikin City: Zuwan Sharuɗɗa tare da zamani a cikin 1930s Vietnam - Kashi na 1

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GEORGE DUTTON

ABDRACT

   Fitowar shahararriyar aikin jarida a cikin 1930s Vietnam ta ba da damar yin sabon sharhi game da rayuwar birni da aka canza, daga cikinsu akwai caricatures da ke nuna. Lý hakori, wani kauye ya rude da haduwarsa da garin modem. Wannan labarin yana amfani da Lý hakori zane-zanen zane-zane da suka fito a cikin mujallar mako-mako Phong Huwa [Mores] azaman taga akan halayen birni game da modem. Yana ba da shawarar cewa misalan sun nuna babban rashin fahimta game da zamani a ɓangaren Phong HuwaEditocin, duk da irin sadaukarwar da suke yi na zamani da na zamani.

   The 1930s ga canji na Aikin jarida na Vietnamese, canji ya bayyana sosai a cikin tabbataccen fashewar sabbin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa. A cikin 1936 kadai sabbin mujallu 230 suka bayyana, wanda ya kawo karshen ci gaba mai dorewa wanda ya fara a shekarun 1920.¹ Latsa mai faɗaɗa amsa ce ga sauye-sauye da yawa a ciki Al'umar Vietnamese, ba ko kadan ba shine karuwar yawan jama'ar birni tare da samun kudin shiga don siyan waɗannan sabbin wallafe-wallafe, lokacin karanta su, da kuma ilimin da ake buƙata a cikin sabon nau'in Romanized na Vietnamese, Quữc ngữ. David Marr ya kiyasta cewa a ƙarshen 1930s kusan miliyan 1.8 na Vietnamese (kila mafi yawansu 'yan birni ne) sun kasance masu iya karatu da aiki Quữc ngữ.² Wannan sabon karatun jama'a ya wakilci ainihin masu sauraron waɗannan jaridu, waɗanda ke tsara yanayin birane kuma hakan ya rinjayi shi. Daga cikin fitattun gudummawar da waɗannan sababbin mujallu suka bayar shi ne cewa sun jaddada ra'ayin cewa 'yan Vietnamese suna rayuwa a cikin wani sabon zamani mai ƙarfi, wanda abin da ya gabata da "al'ada" ya bambanta da na yanzu da kuma "zamani."

    Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wakilcin wannan bambanci shine hali mai tawali'u, mai baƙo na karkara zuwa babban birni mai suna Lý hakori. A cikin kunkuntar ma'ana wannan adadi yana wakiltar karon da ke tsakanin tsoho da sabo, kuma a cikin ma'ana mafi girma ya zama hoton madubi na wani babban birni na Vietnamese. Musamman, Lý hakori ya kasance caricature na zan yi tunani [basaraken kauye na gargajiya], abin tarihi mai wakiltar me Philippe Papin ya kira "mai kyau peasant rabin-wit" kuma launin ruwan kasa ya bayyana a matsayin "dattijon ƙauyen anachronistic."³ Toét, wanda mai yiwuwa ya fara bayyana a matsayin hali a cikin operas gyara [za ku iya] na farkon 1930s, ya ɗauki tsari mai ɗorewa da bayyane a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, musamman a cikin Hà Nội mako-mako. Phong Huwa [Ƙari].⁴ Ya kasance a shafukan Phong Huwa da na 'yar'uwarta bugawa Ngày A'a [Wadannan Kwanaki] cewa Lý hakori ya zo don yin alama Baturen kauye rasa a cikin hare-haren sauye-sauyen birane.

     Wannan labarin zai tattauna Lý hakori kamar yadda ya bayyana a ciki Phong Huwa, nazarin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen wakiltar rikicin da da na yanzu, kauye da na birni, da “al'ada"Da kuma"zamani.” A cikin haduwarsa da rayuwar birni. Lý hakori ya bayyana sarkakkiya na zamanantar da birane. Lý hakori dan kauye ne mara ilimi wanda yayi gwagwarmaya (yawanci ba a yi nasara ba) don fahimtar zamani, kuma a cikin kallon gwagwarmayar sa, mutanen birni za su iya taya kansu murna a kan nasu salon, salon da ya dogara akan ilimi da kwarewa wanda Lý hakori bai mallaka ba. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda. Lý hakoriHaɗuwa da rayuwar birni ya bayyana daɗaɗɗen wannan sabon zamani, gami da haɗarinsa na zahiri da galibin tashi daga tsarin rayuwar yau da kullun.

     Karatuna na kusa Lý Toét zane mai ban dariya yana nuna wasu gyare-gyare zuwa fassarar al'ada na hangen nesa Phong Huwas ƙungiyar edita, Rukunin Adabi na Ƙarfin Kai [Yadda Ake Cin Gindi]. Wannan kungiya, ta kafa Ba Linh da ’yan tsirarun marubuta masu ra’ayi daya a shekarar 1934, sun bayyana ra’ayinsa a cikin wani bayani mai dauke da abubuwa goma da suka yi magana kan samar da adabi don wadatar da kasa, da yin hakan a salo mai sauki, kai tsaye, da saukin fahimta. Har ila yau, ta sanar da kudurin kungiyar na yin fafutukar neman ci gaba da ci gaba da kokarin fadada wayar da kan jama'a kan ilimin kimiyya.⁵ Mambobin Rukunin Adabin Ƙarfin Kai Sau da yawa masana tarihi daga baya suna kallon su ko dai a matsayin masu son siyasa, tare da ra'ayin mulkin mallaka, ko kuma a matsayin masu goyon bayan zamani na zahiri, suna kwaikwayi nau'ikan amma ba tushen sabbin fasahohi ba, odar zamantakewa, da al'adu. ababan hawa. Duk da manufofin kungiyar da karfi da aka bayyana, ina jayayya cewa mujallunsu, musamman Phong Huwa, ya bayyana ra'ayi mafi ban sha'awa game da saurin canje-canjen da ke faruwa a kewaye da su. Kamar yadda zan yi bayani dalla-dalla a ƙasa, abubuwan da ke nuna ba wai kawai sukar da ake yi na “baya” ba ne, kuma ba su ba da shawarar son zuciya ba. Ƙungiyoyin sun ce "gwagwarmayar ci gaba," alal misali, an yi ta lalacewa akai-akai saboda hanyoyin da zane-zanen littafinsa ya nuna "ci gaba" a matsayin riba da barazana. Saboda haka, Kira Hoa ya kasance nuni ne na sauye-sauyen zamantakewar birane da aka yi wa lakabi da "zamani" kuma a lokaci guda sharhi mai gudana akan su wanda akai-akai yana lalata bayanan da ba a sani ba na Rukunin Adabi na Ƙarfafa Kai.

    Zamanin da ake nunawa a ciki Phong Huwa An sami alamar sauyi cikin sauri, gurɓatarwar fasaha na al'umma, sauyi na haɗin gwiwar jama'a, da ƙauyuka kanta. Ya bayyana wani "yanzu" wanda Turawa ke mamaye da shi, ya bambanta, aƙalla a fakaice, tare da ɗan Vietnamese mai kallon baya "to." Ko masu karanta waɗannan mujallu na Vietnamese sun saba da sabuwar kalmar da aka ƙirƙira don “modem”hiện ɗãi—Is ba bayyananne ba. Da sun fi fuskantar manufar canji a cikin kalmomin mới" da "tan,” duka biyun za a iya fassara su da “sabon. "⁶ Abin da ya ke a fili shi ne, mazaunan Bietnam sun san cewa sun rayu ne a lokutan da aka samu sauyi mai ban mamaki wanda hanyoyin sadarwa da sufuri, da mu’amala da magana, duk suna canzawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ma'ana mai ƙarfi na kasancewa a kan tafiya na canji wanda ba a san inda ake nufi ba. Mutane sun ji cewa sun kasance masu shiga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye, jin babu wani wuri da ya fi karfi fiye da cikin al'ummar marubuta da masu zane-zane da ke ba da gudummawa ga sababbin mujallolin da ke fitowa a cikin 1930s.

… CIGABA…

NOTE:

1. David Marr, "Ƙaunar Zamani: Masu hankali da Kafofin watsa labaru," in Bayan Yaƙin Vietnam: Ƙarfafawar Al'ummar Canji, ed. Hy V. Luong (Lanham, MD: Rowman da Littlefield, 2003), 261 ku.
2. David Marr, Al'adar Vietnamese akan gwaji: 1920-1945 (Berkeley da Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1981), 34; Har ila yau, Marr, “A Passion for Modernity,” 261. Bisa kididdigar da Marr ta yi, wannan adadi na iya wakiltar ninki biyu na adadin masu ilimin Vietnamanci daga shekaru goma kacal da suka wuce.
3. Marr, "Ƙaunar Zamani," 261; Philippe Papin, "Wane ne ke da iko a ƙauyen?" a cikin Vietnam Expose: Malami na Faransanci akan karni na ashirin. Ƙungiyar Vietnamese, ed. Gisclc L. Bousquet da Pierre Brocheux (Ann Arbor: Jami'ar Michigan Press, 2002), 29; Neil Jamieson, Fahimtar VietnamBerkeley da Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1993), 102 ku.
4. Maurice Durand da Nguyen Tran Huan sun yi iƙirarin cewa Lý Toét shine ƙirƙirar mawaƙin Tú Mỡ kuma an haɓaka shi a cikin 1927, da'awar da ke da wuyar tabbatarwa. Dubi Maurice Durand da Nguyen Tran Huan, Gabatarwa ga Adabin Vietnamese, trans. DM Hawke (New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 1985), 119. Lý Toét kuma ya yi yawan fitowa a ciki Phong Huwa'yar uwar jarida Ngày A'a (Wadannan Kwanaki), ko da yake don dalilai na wannan makala zan mayar da hankali ne kawai akan abubuwan da ya faru a cikin na farko.
5. Cikakken bayanin akida mai maki goma na kungiyar zai iya samuwa a cikin "Tự Lực Văn Đoàn," Phong Huwa, Maris 2,1934, p. 2.
6. Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Societe Vietnamienne za ta fuskanci A La Modemite: Le tonkin de la fin du XIXe siecle de la second guerre mondiale [Vetnamese Society Fuskantar Zamani: Tonkin daga ƙarshen karni na sha tara zuwa yakin duniya na biyu] (Paris: Harmattan, 1995), 139 ku.

(Source: Jaridar Nazarin Nazarin Vietnamese, Vol. 2. Fitowa ta 1. pps. 80-108. ISSN 1559-372X, lantarki ISSN 1559-3758. © 2007 ta Regents na Jami'ar California. http://Av\vw.ucprcssjournals.coin/rcprintlnfo.asp.)

KARA DUBA:
Lý Toét a cikin City - Part 2
Lý Toét a cikin City - Part 3
Lý Toét a cikin City - Part 4
Lý Toét a cikin City - Part 5