Viet-Nam, Wayewa da Al'adu - THE TINSMITHS, CASTERS COINS, GOLDSMITHS da SILVERSMITHS, TINMEN, BRONZE-FOUNDERS, LOCKSMITHS

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Na PIERRE HUARD¹
(Mai Girma Memba na École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
da MAGANAR MAFITA²
(Memba na École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
An sabunta ta 3rd 1998, Tasirin Nationale Paris,

      They yayi aiki akan tinplate, zinc da tin. Kafin zuwan Occidentals, masana'antun su sun iyakance ne kawai ga kera ƙananan mazugi da ke sama da huluna, kofunan mai da ke hidima a matsayin fitulu, kwalayen da ke ɗauke da opium da wasu ƴan kayan aiki daban-daban. Bayan haka, an sami babban ci gaba. Yayin aiki da tinsmith na gargajiya ya kasance yana zaune ko ya tsugunne, cikin kuzari yana amfani da hannayensa da ƙafafu waɗanda manyan yatsan ƙafa biyu, ko babban yatsan ƙafa da yatsan yatsan ya sake haɗuwa, ya zama mugun hali mai rai, sulke kuma mai ƙarfi. Wannan yana ba da izinin gabatar da abubuwan da aka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin abubuwan da ake so don kayan aikin (fayil, guduma, rivet-driver) waɗanda aka sarrafa ta hannaye waɗanda suka rage kyauta. A ƙarshe, a cikin aikin yankan, reshen da ba za a iya motsi ba yana gyara shi da babban yatsan hannu, yayin da ɗaya daga cikin hannaye biyu ke sarrafa reshen wayar hannu kuma [Shafi na 190] ɗaya yana jagorantar takardar ƙarfe da dole ne a yanke. Kalmar "ku p” yana bayyana ra’ayin kama abu tsakanin na biyu da babban yatsan hannu. [Shafi na 191]

KYAUTA CASTER

[Shafi na 191]  TLưu Xuân Tín ya jefa tsabar kuɗi na farko da sandunan zinariya a Hanoi, bisa ga dabarar Sinanci (Tín ya rayu ƙarƙashin Lê Thánh Tôn watau zuwa 1461).
      Ttsabar kudi da aka ƙera da narkakkar (amma ba a sarrafa su ba) sun ƙunshi babban adadin loam ɗin da aka haɗe da zine.
        TSarkar masana'anta shine kamar haka (duba kuma kera tsabar kudi (sapèques) a cikin Revue Indochinoise, 1900).

1. Yashi gyare-gyare;
2. Zinc fusion;
3. Zubar da zurfafan ƙarfe a cikin gyare-gyare;
4. Rarraba tsabar kudi masu amfani.

Zinariya da AZURTA

     TMa'aikatan maƙeran zinare su ne 'yan'uwa uku Trần Hòa, Trần Điện da Trần Điền waɗanda suka koyi fasaharsu a China a ƙarni na 6.

    A ƙaramin ƙirji tare da aljihun tebur, yana ɗauke da kayayyaki masu daraja da abubuwan da suke aiki akai, kuma an ƙare shi ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasa a kwance tare da piston (ka bễ) ya ishe maƙeran zinariya da azurfa na gargajiya. Bututun da ke fitowa daga ƙirjin ana karɓa a cikin wani rami da aka haƙa a cikin ƙasa. Bulogi biyu da ƴan garwashi kaɗan sun zama tanderu. Ƙarfe mai ɗauke da mallet na katako (búa và), wuraren sassaƙa, ƴan shingen itace da ƙaramin maƙarƙashiya sun kammala wannan kayan aikin ƙwararrun. Sai dai 'yan zobe (zoben ado ko sarƙoƙi), babu kera manyan abubuwa. Duk kayan ado da aka yi da azurfa ko zanen zinariya, fiye ko žasa lokacin farin ciki, aiki a cikin repoussé, siffa ko hatimi duk mafi sauki a lokacin da ake tambaya na tsantsa karafa ba tare da wani gami. An nutsar da kayan ado na zinariya da aka tsoma a cikin tafasasshen bayani da aka tattara, ko dai na furanni na sophora (hai) ko tai chua pericarp (Garcinia pedunculata). Sannan, a wanke su a cikin wankan sulfur mai zafi sosai. [Shafi na 191]

TINMEN

      TMajibincin magaji shine Phạm Ngọc Thành wanda ya gabatar da fasahar Sinanci zuwa Arewacin Vietnam zuwa 1518.
      [Shafi na 192] TRadial tukwanen dafa abinci shinkafa da aka yi da tagulla mai guduma, tare da ƙwararrun lanƙwasa da aka saita a madadin, sun tabbatar da cikakkiyar dabara, waɗanda masana ke sha'awar.

MASU KASANCEWAR TANA

     TMagaji shi ne bonze Khổng Lộ wanda ya koyi narke tagulla a kasar Sin kuma ya watsar da fasaharsa a Arewacin Vietnam zuwa 1226. Ya kamata a lura da tasirin waje na baya kamar na Jean de la Croix, dan Portugal, dan asalin Portugal, wanda ya kafa cannon a Huế (karni na 18). Narkar da kakin zuma da aka rasa ya kasance cikin girmamawa koyaushe. Mutum-mutumin Trần Vũ (Pagoda yadda ya kamata wanda ake kira na Babban Buddha a Hanoi) da dynastical urns a cikin Huế suna nuna gwanintar waɗanda suka kafa tagulla na Vietnamese (duba kuma Chochod, Hanyoyin Kafa da aka yi amfani da su a Annam, a cikin BEFEO, IX, 155).

LOCKSMITHS

      Sal'adar inoid ta san makullin abin nadi da ingarma, sau da yawa ana aiki da shi don kulle manyan kayan daki. A al'adun Vietnamese na gargajiya, ba a san makullin ba kuma ana kulle ƙofofin gidaje ta hanyar dannawa, ta amfani da sandunan katako.

Bibliography

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[214]

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+ Despierres. Sinanci abacus, a cikin Sud-Est, 1951.

NOTES :
Source: Ingantawa na Vietnam Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Kundin Nazari Na 3 1998, Tasirin Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Fassara ta VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ taken taken, hoton sepia da aka fito da shi kuma an saita duk ambato Ban Tu Thu - samawariya.et

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