Vietnam-Nam, Wayewa da Al'adu - Masu sana'a

Hits: 191

Na PIERRE HUARD¹
(Mai Girma Memba na École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
da MAGANAR MAFITA²
(Memba na École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
An sabunta ta 3rd 1998, Tasirin Nationale Paris,

     Bkawar da masu sadaukar da kansu ga alimentation da dabarun tufafi (duba babi na XIV, XV, XVI), masu sana'ar na iya raba su kamar haka.

1° Masu sana'a masu aiki akan karafa (masu ƙima, masu yin tagulla, masu yin jewelers, masu sana'a, masu yin tsabar kuɗi, masu kera makamai);
2° Masu sana'ar yumbura (masu yin tukwane, masu yin ƙasa, masu yin fala, masu yin tayal, masu yin bulo);
3° Masu sana'a suna aiki akan itace (masu hadawa, masu yin majalisar ministoci, kafintoci, masu buga takardu, masu yin takarda, kafinta na ruwa, masu sassaka);
4° Masu sana'a suna yin ayyukan saka (Masu yin auduga, Jute, Rami ko siliki, masu yin kwando, masu yin igiya, masu yin igiya, masu yin tabarmi, masu yin jakunkuna, masu yin makafi, masu yin hula, masu yin alkyabba, masu yin alkyabbar);

5° Masu sana'a suna aiki akan fata (masu fataucin fata da masu yin takalmi);
6 ° Lacquerware masu sana'a;
7 ° Masu sassaƙa itace da dutse;
8° Masu sana'a masu aiki akan harsashi, ƙaho da hauren giwa;
9° Masu sana'a suna kera abubuwan ibada.

     A Mafi yawan masu sana'a sun kasance masu aikin yanci. Amma da Kotun Huế bai bambanta mai zane da mai sana'a ba kuma yana da bita na gaske na jaha da suka haɗa da masu saka kayan adon kaya, masu saƙa, ƙwararru, masu sassaƙa, ma'aikatan hauren giwa da kayan ado.

     VKayan aikin ietnamese suna da sauƙi, haske, mai sauƙin yi, daidaitaccen daidaitawa ga matsalolin da ƙwararren mai wayo ya kamata ya warware a cikin haƙuri ba ƙoƙarin yin tattalin arziki lokacinsa ba.

      SYawancin lokaci ana maye gurbin ma'aikata da kusoshi da kusurwoyin katako. Kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu sune: levers, trestles, ƙwanƙolin tsaga itace, latsa bikin aure, [Shafi na 188] ƙafafu masu haƙori, bishiyar axle da ƙafafun locomotory, ƙarfin lantarki (masu-ruwa, shinkafa-husking pounders), Motocin ɗan adam feda, shuka-harrows, ƙananan ƙafafun da pistons (wanda asalin ya zama kamar yana komawa ga al'adun gargajiya na kudu maso gabas wanda al'adun sino-bietnam zai iya ƙware kansa).

     Mercier ya jaddada halayen waɗannan kayan aikin da kyau. Amma, mun yi nisa da samun, a kan wannan batu, daidai da Rudolf Hummer na kasar Sin a wurin aiki.

     C’yan fashi a lokaci guda ’yan kasuwa ne. Kamar Romawa da kuma na Turai na da, suna ajiye asusu ba tare da yin amfani da lissafin alkalami da tawada ba. An maye gurbin irin waɗannan lissafin da abacus na kasar Sin. Ɗayan halayen zuwa Ƙaddamar da Thế Vinh (likita a 1463) wani aikin lissafi mai suna "Da fatan za a yi" (Hanyar lissafi cikakke) wanda zai iya zama canjin littafi ta Vũ Hũ, daya daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa, yana yin magani tare da amfani da abacus. Har yanzu 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin suna amfani da abacus, amma abokan aikinsu na Vietnam sun yi watsi da shi. Despierres ya yi nazari na baya-bayan nan game da shi.

    Shop-alamu wani lokaci suna nuna sunayen masu shi. Sau da yawa suna sake haifar da sunan kasuwanci kawai, wanda ya ƙunshi biyu, wani lokaci na haruffan Sinanci uku (ko fassarar Latin su) dauke a matsayin mai kyau.

    Tya hali xương (rubutun Sinanci tch'ang) hakan yana nuna"ƙawa"Da kuma"inganci” bada Vĩnh Phat Xương "wadanda ke tsirowa har abada" ko Ƙaddamarwa "kyakkyawan ƙawa". Wasu sunayen kasuwanci watakila Vãn Bảo (kayan ado dubu goma), Đại Hưng (babban girma), Quý Ký (alama mai daraja) da kuma Yên Thanh (cikakkiyar zaman lafiya).
A akai-akai tsakanin 'yan kasuwa shine na đõt vía đốt van.

      Cna'urar na iya kasancewa a lokaci guda wata lanh or ta tốt (kyakkyawan ruhi, kyakkyawar zuciya), a wani lokaci kuma viya x ku or vía dữ (bad, mugayen rayuka). Idan farkon abokin ciniki zuciyar mara kyau or mugunta ya fita daga shagon ba tare da siyan komai ba, bayan doguwar ciniki, don haka, abokan ciniki na iya yin koyi da shi sosai.

     Ia irin wannan yanayi, sai mai shago ya kawar da bala’i wajen yankewa da kona ’yan bambaro guda bakwai na hular kansa idan ma’abucinsa namiji ne, da guda tara, idan wanda ake so ya samu mace. Yana furta a lokaci guda da cewa:

             Đốt vía, dốt van, thốt thằng rắn gan, đốt con rắn ruột, lanh vía thì ở, dữ vía thì đi.
         "Ina ƙone rayuka, na ƙone mai taurin rai, matar da ke da muguwar zuciya, da fatan rayuka masu kyau su wanzu kuma miyagu za su shuɗe.. "

       Awanda irin wannan camfi ne, duk lokacin da suka fara aiki, ‘yan fashin sun kashe wanda ya fara wucewa da su.

Bibliography

+ J. Silvestre. Bayanan kula da za a yi amfani da su a cikin bincike da rarraba kudade da lambobin yabo na Annam da Cochin-china na Faransa (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Faranti na Sinanci, Annamese, Jafananci, tsabar Koriya, na tsabar kuɗin da aka yi amfani da su azaman amulet na gwamnatin China da bayanan sirri (Noronha da Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Fasaha na zamani da na zamani na Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Taron da aka yi a ranar 29 ga Disamba a Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Désiré Lacroix. Annamese numismatics, 1900.
+ Pouchat. Masana'antar Joss-sticks in Tonquin, a cikin Revue Indochinoise, 1910-1911.

+ Cordier. A kan annami art, a cikin Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Ma'aikatan fasaha a Tonquin (Ado na ƙarfe, kayan ado), a cikin Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, Yuli-Disamba 1913, shafi. 279-290.
+ A. Barbotin. Masana'antar Wuta a Tonquin, a cikin Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, Satumba-Oktoba 1913.

+ R. Orband. Ayyukan fasaha na Minh Mạng, a BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Art in Hu, a BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Ayyukan kayan ado a cikin Tonquin, Paris, 1922.
+ C. Gravelle. Aikin Annama, a BAVH, 1925.

+ Albert Durier. Annamese kayan ado, Paris 1926.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Abubuwan fasaha na yumbu don amfani da sassan yumbu na makarantun fasaha a Indochina, Hanoi, 1930.
+ L Gilbert. Masana'antu a Annam, a BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasson. Bayani kan hanyoyin kiwon kifi a cikin tonquinese delta, 1993, shafi na 707.

+ H. Gourdon. Aikin Annam, Paris, 1933.
+ Trọng Khôi. Tayoyin ɗagawa na Quảng Nam da paddles norias na Thừa Thiên, 1935, shafi. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias of Quảng Ngãi, a BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. Shirye-shiryen tushen waken soya a cikin alimention na Annamese, a cikin Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Fentiun. Hatching na wucin gadi na ƙwan agwagi a cikin Cochinchina, a cikin Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, shafi. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. China na aiki, 1937.
+ Mercer, Annamese kayan aikin masu sana'a, a cikin BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laubie. Shahararrun hotuna a Tonquin, a BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gouro. Masana'antar ƙauye a cikin Tonquinese delta, Majalisar Kasa ta Duniya na Geography, 1938.

+ P. Gouro. Itacen anise-China a cikin Tonquin (sanarwa na ayyukan noma a Tonquin), 1938, p. 966.
+ Ch. Crevost. Tattaunawa akan azuzuwan aiki a Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Art Annamese, Fasahar Musulmi, a cikin Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Fuskar ɗan adam a cikin zane-zane, a cikin CEFEO, N°18, 1^st trimester 1939.

+ Henri Bouchon. Azuzuwan aiki na ƴan asalin ƙasar da ƙarin sana'o'i, in Indochine, 26 ga Satumba. 1940.
+ X… - Charles Crevost. An raye-raye na ajin Aiki na tonquinese, in Indochine, Juni 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hannah (masana'antu masu aiki), a cikin Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Ragewa. Masters-Iacquerers na Hanoi, a cikin Indochine Fabrairu 6, 1941.

+ Ragewa. Lacquer, a Indochine, Disamba 25, 1941.
+ Ragewa. Ivory, a Indochine, 15 ga Janairu, 1942.
+ Sirrin (R.) Dabarar gargajiya ta Annamese: Yanke itace, a Indochine, 1 ga Oktoba, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi wanda aka fi sani da Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Shafi na Fasaha na Vietnamese), Hanoi, Gidan bugawa na Thuỵ-ký, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Maƙala akan fasahar Annamese, Hanoi, 1944.
+ Paul Boudet. Annamese takarda, a Indochine, Janairu 27 da Fabrairu 17, 1944.
+ Mãnh Kuỳnh. Asalin da alamar shahararrun katako na Tet, a Indochine, 10 ga Fabrairu, 1945.
+ Crevost da Petelot. Catalog na samfuran Indochina, toma VI. Tannins da tinctorials (1941). [An ba da sunayen samfuran Vietnamese].

+ Agusta Chevalier. Ƙirar farko na itace da sauran kayayyakin gandun daji na Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (An ba da sunaye na Vietnam).
+ Lecomte. Dazuzzuka na Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Bayanan kula akan kera tukwane a lardin Bình Định, a BAVH, 1927, p. 149 da 184 (ya ƙunshi kyakkyawan jerin tukwane daban-daban na Bình Đàh da siffofinsu da kuma sunayensu na gida).
+ Despierres. Sinanci abacus, a cikin Sud-Est, 1951.

NOTES :
Source: Ingantawa na Vietnam Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Kundin Nazari Na 3 1998, Tasirin Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Fassara ta VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ taken taken, hoton sepia da aka fito da shi kuma an saita duk ambato Ban Tu Thu - samawariya.et

KARA DUBA :
'  Connaisance du Viet Nam – Asalin sigar – fr.VersiGoo
'  Connaisance du Viet Nam - Sigar Vietnamese - vi.VersiGoo
'  Connaisance du Viet Nam - Duk VersiGoo (Jafananci, Rashanci, Rumani, Sifen, Koriya,…

BAN TU THƯ
5 / 2022